Michael Fredholm von Essen

Fall of the Merchant-Farmer Republic

The Battle of Visby was fought during the Danish invasion of Gotland in 1361. Fall of the Merchant-Farmer Republic analyses the campaign, presents new research on the arms, armour, and military organisation of the Gotland merchant-farmer republic, details the opposing armies, and explains the outcome and its consequences. Gotland, the largest island in the Baltic, was an autonomous Swedish territory. Gotland suffered from tensions over trading rights between the traditional rural merchant-farmers and the burghers of heavily fortified Visby, which was part of the powerful Hanseatic League. The merchant-farmers of Gotland engaged in trade throughout the Baltic region, as well as from Britain to the Black Sea, directly competing with the wealthy and monopolistic Hanseatic League. When King Valdemar Atterdag landed on the island with Danish knights and seasoned German mercenaries, his chief adversary was the well-armed rural militia. After being defeated twice, the Gotlanders retreated to Visby, anticipating that the city's burgher militia and mercenaries would join them in resisting the invaders.