Wanglin Ma

Beyond Income

This Open Access book offers a new perspective for understanding rural transformation by moving beyond traditional income-based measures of development. It demonstrates that improvements in income alone do not necessarily lead to better lives in rural Asia and that subjective well-being-reflected in people's happiness, life satisfaction, and mental health-provides a richer lens for evaluating development outcomes. Drawing on empirical studies across Asian economies, the book examines how economic activities, social conditions, and institutional contexts shape rural well-being. Topics range from agricultural productivity and farmers' happiness to the well-being implications of off-farm employment, clean energy transitions, sanitation improvements, aging and mental health, early-life experiences, and women's empowerment. Drawing on household surveys, cross-country datasets, and advanced econometric methods, the chapters reveal that rural well-being is shaped by a complex interplay of economic, social, environmental, and institutional factors. The findings show that policies related to rural employment, infrastructure, energy transitions, and social inclusion influence not only material living standards but also individuals' perceptions of their lives. By integrating insights from agricultural economics, development studies, and well-being research, this book advances a deeper understanding of how rural development policies affect human welfare and offers new directions for promoting inclusive and sustainable rural development in Asia.